با همکاری انجمن هیدرولیک ایران

مقایسه تطبیقی استراتژی حکمرانی آب‌های زیرزمینی در دو دهه اخیر

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه میبد، میبد، ایران.

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه میبد، میبد، ایران.

چکیده
آب‌های زیرزمینی به‌عنوان یکی از حیاتی‌ترین منابع تأمین آب شرب، کشاورزی و صنعت در بسیاری از مناطق جهان شناخته می‌شوند و در دهه‌های اخیر به دلیل رشد جمعیت، توسعه کشاورزی آبی، تغییرات اقلیمی و افزایش تقاضای آب با فشارهای فزاینده‌ای مواجه شده‌اند. در بسیاری از کشورها بهره‌برداری بی‌رویه از آبخوآن‌ها منجر به افت سطح آب زیرزمینی، فرونشست زمین، شورشدگی منابع آب و کاهش پایداری اکوسیستم‌های وابسته به آب شده است. در چنین شرایطی، مفهوم حکمرانی آب‌های زیرزمینی به‌عنوان چارچوبی برای مدیریت پایدار منابع آب زیرزمینی مورد توجه گسترده سیاست‌گذاران و پژوهشگران قرار گرفته است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی و مقایسه تطبیقی استراتژی‌های حکمرانی آب‌های زیرزمینی در دو دهه اخیر با تمرکز بر تجارب کشورهای مختلف و تحلیل روندهای نوین مدیریتی است. روش تحقیق در این مطالعه توصیفی– تحلیلی و مبتنی بر بررسی اسناد سیاستی، مطالعات علمی بین‌المللی و گزارش‌های سازمآن‌های جهانی است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که طی دو دهه گذشته (1381-1400)، رویکردهای حکمرانی آب‌های زیرزمینی از مدیریت متمرکز دولتی به سمت مدل‌های مشارکتی، مدیریت تطبیقی، ابزارهای اقتصادی و حکمرانی چندسطحی حرکت کرده‌اند. کشورهایی مانند استرالیا و ایالات متحده آمریکا که از ترکیبی از سیاست‌های تنظیمی، مشارکت ذی‌نفعان، نظام‌های پایش پیشرفته و ابزارهای اقتصادی استفاده کرده‌اند، در کنترل برداشت و پایداری منابع موفق‌تر عمل کرده‌اند. در اسپانیا نیز مدیریت منابع آب زیرزمینی از طریق ترکیبی از سیاست‌های دولتی و مشارکت بهره‌برداران انجام می‌شود. در این کشور، انجمن‌های کاربران آب نقش مهمی در مدیریت منابع ایفا می‌کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Comparative Comparison of Groundwater Governance Strategies in the Last Two Decades

نویسندگان English

Mohammad sadegh Talebi 1
Mojtaba Samadi Nejad Astahbanati 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University of Meybod, Meybod, Iran.
2 MSc Student, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University of Meybod, Meybod, Iran.
چکیده English

Groundwater is recognized as one of the most vital sources of drinking water supply, agriculture, and industry in many regions of the world, and in recent decades, it has faced increasing pressures due to population growth, development of irrigated agriculture, climate change, and increasing water demand. In many countries, excessive exploitation of aquifers has led to a decrease in groundwater levels, land subsidence, salinization of water resources, and a decrease in the sustainability of water-dependent ecosystems. In such circumstances, the concept of groundwater governance as a framework for sustainable management of groundwater resources has received widespread attention from policymakers and researchers. The aim of this study is to examine and compare groundwater governance strategies in the last two decades, focusing on the experiences of different countries and analyzing new management trends. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and based on a review of policy documents, international scientific studies, and reports of global organizations. The results show that over the past two decades, groundwater governance approaches have moved from centralized government management to participatory models, adaptive management, economic instruments, and multi-level governance. Countries such as Australia and the United States, which have used a combination of regulatory policies, stakeholder participation, advanced monitoring systems, and economic instruments, have been more successful in controlling resource extraction and sustainability. In contrast, countries such as Spain, which have faced institutional weakness, lack of a clear legal framework, and lack of social participation, have faced a severe aquifer depletion crisis.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Water governance
groundwater
water resources management
water policy
sustainable aquifer management
adaptive water management
Brown, A. R., Gerlak, A. K., Smith, G., Zuniga-Teran, A., & Gilson, G. (2025). Governing the nexus: Lessons from water governance in the United States. Environmental Science & Policy, 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104214
Ahmadi, S. (2021). The effects and economic and security consequences of the water crisis in the country. Journal of Economic Security, (91). https://doi.org/10.212982/wrcc.2021.23047.1287
Alejandro, J., Rodríguez-Silva, J., & Miguel, S. (2020). Water governance in the USA. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 31(1), 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-05-2019-0104
Ashraf Vaghefi, S., Keykhai, M., Jahanbakhshi, F., Sheikholeslami, J., Ahmadi, A., Yang, H., et al. (2019). The future of extreme climate in Iran. Scientific Reports, 9, 1464. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38071-8
Bagheri Khanghahi, M., Hazar Jaribi, A., Kamali, M. I., & Zamani, F. (2025). Forecasting rainfall in different climatic regions of Iran using the LARS WG7 climate model. Water Resources and Climate Change, 1(1), 28–39. https://doi.org/10.22091/wrcc.2025.11744.1008
Bagheri, M., Gandomkar, A., & Khadem al-Hosseini. (2023). Factors affecting the water crisis in Isfahan province. Journal of Geography, (77). https://doi.org/10.22091/wrcc.2023.29219.1981
Dai, A., Zhao, T., & Chen, J. (2018). Climate change and drought: A precipitation and evaporation perspective. Current Climate Change Reports, 4(3), 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0101-6
Diffenbaugh, N. S., Swain, D. L., & Touma, D. (2015). Anthropogenic warming has increased drought risk in California. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(13), 3931–3936. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422385112
Fatahi, S., Vahedi, M., Arayesh, M. B., & Eshraghi Samani, R. (2023). Assessment of farmers’ social resilience in water-based crises: Haris County. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 54(1), 107–129. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijaedr.2022.338067.669128
Fatemi, M., Akaberi, M., & Dehghan Khavari, S. (2025). Impact of economic and social factors on urban water demand in Yazd province. Journal of Water and Sustainable Development, 7(3), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.22067/jwsd.v7i3.86531
Fathi, E., Mohammad, R., Talebi, A., & Mosafaei, J. (2025). Studying the status of water resources governance in the Ilam Dam watershed. Journal of Water and Sustainable Development, 12(2), 5–18.
Golfam, P. (2025). Estimation of crop irrigation water demand using climatic data and Cropwat model. Water Resources and Climate Change, 1(1), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.22091/wrcc.11311.1001
Khodai, M., & Mirfakhraei, S. H. (2021). The water crisis and new regional and international legal frameworks. Iranian Journal of International Politics, (18). https://doi.org/10.1332086/wrcc.2021.21879.1029
Kloosterman, R. A., Van der Hoek, J. P., & Herder, P. (2020). Resilient drinking water resources. Water
Resources Management, 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02736-9
Mirzaei, E., Jalali, A., Jodaki, H., & Arbabi Sabzevari, A. (2019). Analyzing urban resilience against water crises: Tehran City. Safe City, 2(1), 93–104.
Monteiro, M., Bahta, Y. T., & Jordaan, H. (2024). Water resilience and change of water use behavior. In 24th International Farm Management Association Congress (pp. 14–19). Saskatoon, Canada.
Mousavi, S. K., Tabesh, M. R., Lahijanian, A., Jozi, S. A., & Mirfakhradini, S. H. (2021). Establishment and selection to improve resilience of Yazd-Ardakan plain water resources. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 21(73), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijaedr.2021.820986.7621087
Nariman, A., Fattahi, M. H., Taleb Bidakhti, N., & Sadeghian, M. S. (2021). Assessing hydraulic resilience and return time of Sadra city water distribution network against earthquake. Iran Water Resources Research, 17(2), 204–221. https://doi.org/10.1452157/ijaedr.2021.372186.629879
Omidvar, K., Zare, M., & Ebrahimi, R. (2016). The impact of recent droughts on groundwater resources in the Yazd-Ardakan plain. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 10(5), 622–635. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijaedr.2016.111286.319310
Rahimi, D., & Zarei, F. (2019). The effects of climate change on volume of water resources and transfer of inter-basin water. Irrigation Science and Engineering, 42(3), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.22055/jise.2017.21862.1565
Rezaei, M. R., & Alizadeh Shourki, Y. (2019). Stability of water resources based on optimal population loading: Yazd city. Human Geography Research, 51(2), 307–322. https://doi.org/10.22059/jhgr.2017.222203.1007355
Sedighi Moghadam, M., Hosseini, S. M., & Farajollah Hosseini, S. J. (2021). Identifying strategies for sustainable water utilization management of Qanats in Yazd province. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 52(4), 837–849. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijaedr.2021.320087.669019
Shamshirgaran, R., Tosan, M., & Nasirian, A. (2025). Investigating the challenges of groundwater balancing in arid regions: A case study of the Boshroiyeh plain, South Khorasan. Aquifer and Qanat, 5(2), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.22077/jaaq.2025.8734.1094
Shiari, A., Bagheri, R., Ahadi, P., & Esmailzadeh, A. (2021). Governance and political economy of the water crisis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. World Politics, 36, 1098.
Shalsi, S., Ordens, C. M., Curtis, A., & Simmons, C. T. (2022). Insights from an Australian example of collective action to co-manage groundwater. Journal of Hydrology, 608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127658
Talebi, M., & Hashemi, S. (2025). Assessing the resilience of drinking water resources in Yazd city using the Delphi method. Water Resources and Climate Change, 1(3), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.22091/wrcc.2025.13149.1017
Talebi Soumae Saraei, M., Zareian, M. J., Farrukhnia, A., & Rozbahani, R. (2020). The evolution of water planning and policy in the era before and after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Quarterly Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 14(1), 151–178. https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2022.4556.4516
Varady, R. G., Zúñiga-Terán, A. A., Garfin, G. M., Martín, F., & Vicuña, S. (2016). Adaptive management and water security in a global context: Definitions, concepts, and examples. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 21, 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.11.001
Wang, C. H., & Blackmore, J. M. (2009). Resilience concepts for water resource systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 135(6), 528–536. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2009)135:6.5341
Woodhouse, P., & Muller, M. (2017). Water governance—An historical perspective on current debates. World Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.014
Yazdani, M. R., Mehrabi, Sh., & Ghorbani, M. (2022). Resilience assessment in social-ecological systems against available water depletion (Harchegan Village). Journal of Emergency Management, 11(1), 67–80. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijaedr.2022.350486.749115
Yousefian, A., Makondi, F., Jamalmanesh, A., Chenari, V., & Afroos, A. (2023). Economic analysis of factors affecting the water crisis in Iran using the system dynamics method. Economic Jurisprudence Studies, 1073–1098. https://doi.org/10.22034/ejs.2024.422904.1598
Zarandi, S. (2023). A review of comparative research methodology: Theories, approaches, and horizons. Comparative Public Administration, 1(4), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.22098/cpa.2024.14476.1029
Zinati Fakhrabad, M., & Asgari Moghadam, M. (2021). Future study of the security consequences of the water resources crisis in the border areas of Iran. Geography and Human Relations, 15. https://doi.org/10.22034/gahr.2021.301648.1602
دوره 7، شماره 1
شهریور 1405
صفحه 201-220

فایل‌های تکمیلی/اضافی