با همکاری انجمن هیدرولیک ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد و عضو هیأت علمی گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران

2 دانشجو کارشناسی ارشد معماری اسلامی، دانشکده معماری و شهر سازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز،ایران

10.22077/jaaq.2025.9824.1118

چکیده

قنات به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین سازه‌های آبی ایران تا پیش از فناوری‌های نوین، نقشی اساسی در آبرسانی شهری، روستایی و کشاورزی و نیز شکل‌گیری سکونتگاه‌ها داشته است. با وجود ویژگی‌های فنی و معماری منحصربه‌فرد قنات‌ها، مطالعات اندکی در این زمینه، به‌ویژه در آذربایجان انجام شده است. روستای اسفهلان تبریز، به‌عنوان پرقنات‌ترین روستای منطقه، نمونه‌ای شاخص برای بررسی این سازه‌ها به شمار می‌رود.این پژوهش با رویکرد کاربردی و روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی، بر پایه مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، برداشت‌های میدانی و تحلیل نقشه‌های هوایی، به این پرسش پاسخ می‌دهد: «ساختار معماری قنات در روستای اسفهلان چگونه بوده است؟»یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد قنات‌های اسفهلان عمدتاً از نوع کوه‌پایه‌ای با آرایش موازی و متوالی هستند و منبع آب آن‌ها آب‌های زیرزمینی کم‌آبده و دائمی است. این قنوات از نظر ساختار کوتاه، کوچک و عمیق بوده و اغلب دارای هرنج و استخر هستند. نتایج کمی نیز نشان داد: روستا دارای ۳۲ رشته قنات است که حدود ۹۰ درصد آب کشاورزی را تأمین و حدود ۱۷۰ هکتار باغ را آبیاری می‌کنند. میانگین طول قنوات ۱۲۹۶ متر، عمق مادرچاه ۳۷٫۷۶ متر، دبی در فصل مرطوب ۴٫۷۸ لیتر بر ثانیه و در فصل خشک ۳٫۶۴ لیتر بر ثانیه برآورد شده و بیشترین آبدهی مربوط به قنات حسین‌آباد با ۲۵ لیتر بر ثانیه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Typology of Qanat Architecture in East Azerbaijan with an Emphasis on the Qanats of Esfahlan Village, Tabriz

نویسندگان [English]

  • َAhad Nezhad Ebrahimi 1
  • Sepideh Sepehriara 2

1 Professor and Faculty Member, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran

2 Master student of Islamic Architecture Departement, University of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran

چکیده [English]

The qanat, as one of the most significant traditional hydraulic systems in Iran, historically ensured water supply for settlements, agriculture, and daily needs prior to modern technologies. Despite their distinctive technical and architectural features, research on qanats remains scarce, particularly in Azerbaijan. Esfahlan village near Tabriz, known for having the largest number of qanats in the region, offers an exemplary case for investigation.This study, with an applied orientation and descriptive–analytical method, draws on library resources, field surveys, and aerial map analysis to address the question: “What is the architectural structure of qanats in Esfahlan?”Findings show that Esfahlan qanats are mainly foothill types, arranged in parallel and sequential patterns, drawing from low-yield but permanent aquifers. Architecturally, they are short, small, and relatively deep, often equipped with haranj and pools.Quantitative data indicate the presence of 32 qanats, supplying about 90% of agricultural water and irrigating nearly 170 hectares of orchards. Their average length is 1,296 meters, with mother wells reaching 37.76 meters in depth. Mean discharge is 4.78 liters per second in wet seasons and 3.64 liters in dry seasons, while the Hoseynabad qanat yields the highest flow at 25 liters per second.These results confirm the enduring role of qanats in sustaining agriculture and settlement in Esfahlan.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Qanat ArchitectureT
  • Typology of Qanats
  • Qanats of Azerbaijan
  • Qanats of Esfahlan
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