Abbasi, A. (2024). Examining the role of qanats in the social resilience of rural communities in Iran against desertification. Creative Economy and New Business Management Approaches, 37–56.
Abedi, S., Ansari, M., Haghighatbin, M., & Mansouri, S. A. (2023). Comprehensive classification and categorization of Qanat features: An interdisciplinary exploration using landscape infrastructure concept and semi-systematic review. Environmental Systems Research, 12(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-023-00318-3
Azhodi Deylami, M. (2025). Qanat system: A socio-hydraulic model for the formation of sustainable settlements on the Iranian Plateau. Second National Conference on Human Settlements of Iran, Tehran.
Barhamand, G. (2008). An introduction to the historical process of qanat phenomenon and its civilizational role in the Iranian Plateau. Moskuyeh, 8, 1–28. [In Persian].
Branduini, P., Zaina, F., Zavvari, F., & Nabati Mazloumi, Y. (2021). Qanats as an endangered traditional hydraulic heritage. In Proceedings of the 9th ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 & 3rd GEORES (pp. 142–158). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://dx.doi.org/10.4995/Arqueologica9.2021.12102
Burkett, M. H. (2019). Silent and unseen: Stewardship of water infrastructural heritage. In C. Hein (Ed.), Adaptive strategies for water heritage: Past, present and future (pp. 20–39). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00268-8_2
Chalvarfrosh, H., Mortazavi, M., & Musaiepour-Negari, F. (2023). Beliefs and social rituals related to qanat in Saravan County, Sistan and Baluchestan. Anthropology Letter, 20(36), 147–170. [In Persian].
Darouei, P., & Kashani Hamedani, M. (2022). Recognition of the role of the qanat on urban and rural settlements' viability through the synthetic method. Journal of Urban Studies on Space and Place, 6(24), 73–93 [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22034/jspr.2023.707365
El-Mahdy, D., Gabr, H. S., & Abdelmohsen, S. (2021). SaltBlock as a 3D printed sustainable construction material in hot arid climates. Journal of Building Engineering, 43, 103134.
Fadakar-Davaran, M. M. (2009). Qanat and social capital. Social Welfare and Development Planning, 1(1), 149–179. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22054/qjsd.2010.5696
Fadakar-Davaran, M. M., & Sam-Aram, A. A. (2010). The role of qanat in sustainable rural development. Village and Development, 13(2), 169–191. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30490/rvt.2018.59204
Fallahi, E., Akbarpour, A., Khatibinia, M., & Ebrahimi, H. (2015). Optimal shape design of Ghanat Kaval using finite element method and particle swarm optimization. Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage, 9(4), 561–570. [In Persian].
Golpasand, M. R. B., Do, N. A., & Dias, D. (2019). Impact of pre-existent qanats on ground settlements due to mechanized tunneling. Transportation Geotechnics, 21, 100262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.100262
Hassan Pour, M., Khozeymehnezhad, H., & Khashei-Siuki, A. (2025). Priority ranking of qanat rehabilitation using analytic hierarchy process (Case study: Southern Khorasan). Journal of Advanced Informatics in Water, Soil, and Structure, 1(1), 34–46. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22048/wss.2024.427601.1003
Hu, W., Zhang, J., & Liu, Y. (2012). The qanats of Xinjiang: Historical development, characteristics and modern implications for environmental protection. Journal of Arid Land, 4(2), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1227.2012.00211
Institute for Economics & Peace. (2023). Safety Perceptions Index 2023: Understanding the impact of risk around the world.
Kosravi, S., Khozeimeh nejad, H., khayat, A., and Akhoondi, Z. (2026). Forecasting The Water Level of Baldeh Qanat in Ferdows Using Time Series Methods. Journal of Aquifer and Qanat, 5(2), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.22077/jaaq.2025.9039.1104 [In Persian].
Koocheki, A., & Vali Beig, N. (2019). Investigation of Materials, Technology, and Structure of Iranian Qanats. National Symposium on Baladeh Ferdous Qanat, Birjand. [In Persian].
Madanian Mohammadi, A., & Hashemi Zarej Abad, H. (2015). The Impact of Qanat on the Formation of Subterranean Architecture (Case Study: Rigareh Mill of Mohammadieh, Naeen). National Conference on Indigenous Architecture and Urbanism of Iran, Yazd. [In Persian].
Mirhashemi Ruteh, S. E. (2011). Historical Exploration of the Qanat: From Construction to its Role in Social Life. Proceedings of the International Conference on Traditional Knowledge of Water Resources Management. [In Persian].
Mokhtarnia, K., Talibian, M. H., & Asrati, P. (2022). Development of a theoretical framework of value in Iranian qanat. Iranian Architecture Studies, 11(21), 205–223. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22052/jias.2022.245876.0
Nasiri, F., & Mafakheri, M. S. (2015). Qanat water supply systems: A revisit of sustainability perspectives. Environmental Systems Research, 4(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-015-0039-9
Nasirian, A., Shamshirgaran, R., & Tosan, M. (2026). Transitioning from command-and-control measures to market-based mechanisms for sustainable groundwater governance in hyper-arid regions. Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater, 13(1), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2026.13559.1477
Ottmann, D. A. (2022). Ecological building materials for deserts and drylands. Springer.
Pazwash, H. (2024). Qanats and historic structures in Persia: Potential modern applications. CRC Press.
Sanaan Bensi, N. (2019). The qanat system: A reflection on the heritage of the extraction of hidden waters. In C. Hein (Ed.), Adaptive strategies for water heritage: Past, present and future (pp. 40–57). Springer.
Semsar Yazdi, A. A., & Labbaf Khaneiki, M. (2016). Qanat-related structures. In Qanat Knowledge: Construction and Maintenance (pp. 145–175). Springer Netherlands.
Semsar Yazdi, A. A., & Labbaf Khaneiki, M. (2017). Qanat knowledge: Construction and maintenance. Springer.
Semsar Yazdi, A. A., & Labbaf Khaneiki, M. (2022). Veins of the desert: A review on Qanat/Falaj/Karez. CRC Press.
Shamshirgaran, R., Tosan, M., & Nasirian, A. (2025). Investigating the functional problems of groundwater studies in dry areas: A case of Boshruyeh Plain, South Khorasan. Journal of Aquifer and Qanat, 5(2), 99–120. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22077/jaaq.2025.8734.1094
Shiraazi, K., Milani, M. A., Sadeghi, A., Azami, E., & Azami, A. (2012). Qanat (Subterranean Canal) role in traditional cities and settlements formation of hot-arid regions of Iran. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 6(67), 385–390. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1334713
Tabatabaei, S. M., & Khozeymehnezhad, H. (2022). Studying qanat, protective methods and increasing its discharge. Journal of Aquifer and Qanat, 3(1), 17–28. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22077/jaaq.2018.1600.1006
Taghavi-Jeloudar, M., Han, M., Davoudi, M., & Kim, M. (2013). Review of ancient wisdom of qanat and suggestions for future water management. Environmental Engineering Research, 18(2), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2013.18.2.057
Vakil, N. (2022). The cultural landscape of the Persian Qanat. In K. D. Silva, K. Taylor, & D. S. Jones (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of cultural landscape heritage in the Asia-Pacific (pp. 420–435). Routledge.
Yaghoobzadeh, M., amirabadizadeh, M., khayat, A., and Akhondi, Z. (2026). Simulation of Qanat Discharge in Balade Ferdows Using Machine Learning Algorithms under Drought Conditions. Journal of Drought and Climate Change Research, (Articles in Press). https://doi.org/10.22077/jdcr.2026.10872.1209
Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Yuan, S., Song, J., Chen, W., & Dias, D. (2023). A two-dimensional experimental study of active progressive failure of deeply buried qanat tunnels in sandy ground. Soils and Foundations, 63(3), 101323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2023.101323
