Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• َAhad Nezhad Ebrahimi ¹
• Sepideh Sepehriara ²

¹ Professor and Faculty Member, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran

² Master student of Islamic Architecture Departement, University of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

The qanat, as one of the most significant traditional hydraulic systems in Iran, historically ensured water supply for settlements, agriculture, and daily needs prior to modern technologies. Despite their distinctive technical and architectural features, research on qanats remains scarce, particularly in Azerbaijan. Esfahlan village near Tabriz, known for having the largest number of qanats in the region, offers an exemplary case for investigation.This study, with an applied orientation and descriptive–analytical method, draws on library resources, field surveys, and aerial map analysis to address the question: “What is the architectural structure of qanats in Esfahlan?”Findings show that Esfahlan qanats are mainly foothill types, arranged in parallel and sequential patterns, drawing from low-yield but permanent aquifers. Architecturally, they are short, small, and relatively deep, often equipped with haranj and pools.Quantitative data indicate the presence of 32 qanats, supplying about 90% of agricultural water and irrigating nearly 170 hectares of orchards. Their average length is 1,296 meters, with mother wells reaching 37.76 meters in depth. Mean discharge is 4.78 liters per second in wet seasons and 3.64 liters in dry seasons, while the Hoseynabad qanat yields the highest flow at 25 liters per second.These results confirm the enduring role of qanats in sustaining agriculture and settlement in Esfahlan.

Keywords

• Qanat ArchitectureT
• Typology of Qanats
• Qanats of Azerbaijan
• Qanats of Esfahlan

Main Subjects

• ًQanat and aquifer